Přídavná jména a příslovce – Stupňování (Komparativy a Superlativy)
V angličtině používáme přídavná jména a příslovce, když chceme něco popsat nebo porovnat. Pomáhají nám říct, jaké něco je (přídavné jméno) nebo jak něco děláme (příslovce).
1. Co je komparativ a superlativ?
Komparativ (2. stupeň) se používá, když porovnáváme dvě věci – říkáme, že jedna je víc než druhá.
Superlativ (3. stupeň) se používá, když mluvíme o nejvyšší míře vlastnosti – že je něco nejvíc ze všech.
This car is faster than that one. – komparativ
This is the fastest car. – superlativ
2. Pravidla pro tvoření komparativu
Přídavná jména s jednou slabikou: Přidáme -er.
fast → faster
small → smaller
Přídavná jména s jednou slabikou, končící na souhláska-samohláska-souhláska: Zdvojujeme poslední souhlásku a přidáme -er.
big → bigger
hot → hotter
Přídavná jména se dvěma slabikami končící na -y: Změníme -y na -i a přidáme -er.
happy → happier
easy → easier
Přídavná jména se dvěma nebo více slabikami (většina): Používáme more.
interesting → more interesting
comfortable → more comfortable
3. Pravidla pro tvoření superlativu
Přídavná jména s jednou slabikou: Přidáme -est.
fast → fastest
tall → tallest
Přídavná jména s jednou slabikou, končící na souhláska-samohláska-souhláska: Zdvojujeme poslední souhlásku a přidáme -est.
big → biggest
hot → hottest
Přídavná jména se dvěma slabikami končící na -y: Změníme -y na -i a přidáme -est.
happy → happiest
easy → easiest
Přídavná jména se dvěma nebo více slabikami (většina): Používáme the most.
interesting → the most interesting
comfortable → the most comfortable
4. Nepravidelné tvary – výjimky
Některá přídavná jména a příslovce nemají pravidelné tvary. Tyto je nutné si zapamatovat:
good → better → the best
bad → worse → the worst
far → farther/further → the farthest/furthest
well → better → the best
badly → worse → the worst
5. Stupňování příslovcí
Jednoslabičná příslovce: Přidáváme -er / -est.
fast → faster → fastest
hard → harder → hardest
Příslovce končící na -ly: Používáme more a most.
quickly → more quickly → most quickly
easily → more easily → most easily
Nepravidelná příslovce:
well → better → best
badly → worse → worst
far → farther/further → farthest/furthest
6. Shrnutí
Pro jednoslabičná slova použij -er / -est.
Pro víceslabičná slova použij more / most.
Slova končící na -y mění y → i a pak se přidává -er / -est.
Nepravidelné tvary je třeba zapamatovat.
Use a comparative form:
She is (tall) than her brother.
She is ___ than her brother.
Use a superlative form:
He is (smart) student in the class.
He is ___ student in the class.
Use a comparative form:
This movie is (interesting) than the last one.
This movie is ___ than the last one.
Use a superlative form:
It was (hot) day of the year.
It was ___ day of the year.
Use a comparative form:
She speaks (fluently) than her sister.
She speaks ___ than her sister.
Use a superlative form:
He is (strong) athlete on the team.
He is ___ athlete on the team.
Use a comparative form:
The test was (easy) than I thought.
The test was ___ than I thought.
Use a superlative form:
This is (beautiful) painting in the gallery.
This is ___ painting in the gallery.
Use a superlative form:
This is (expensive) car I've ever seen.
This is ___ car I've ever seen.
Use a comparative form:
His house is (big) than mine.
His house is ___ than mine.
Use a superlative form:
She is (talented) dancer in the group.
She is ___ dancer in the group.
Use a comparative form:
This cake is (sweet) than the one I baked last week.
This cake is ___ than the one I baked last week.
Use a superlative form:
He is (old) person in the family.
He is ___ person in the family.
Use a comparative form:
Her voice is (soft) than I expected.
Her voice is ___ than I expected.
Use a superlative form:
This is (challenging) task I've ever done.
This is ___ task I've ever done.
Use a comparative form:
My bike is (new) than yours.
My bike is ___ than yours.
Use a comparative form:
This exam is (difficult) than the last one.
This exam is ___ than the last one.
Use a superlative form:
That was (funny) joke I've heard all week.
That was ___ joke I've heard all week.
Use a comparative form:
The weather today is (good) than yesterday.
The weather today is ___ than yesterday.
Use a superlative form:
It was (bad) performance of the evening.
It was ___ performance of the evening.
Use a comparative form:
My dog runs (fast) than yours.
My dog runs ___ than yours.
Use a superlative form:
That was (exciting) game I've watched this year.
That was ___ game I've watched this year.
Use a comparative form:
His new car is (expensive) than his old one.
His new car is ___ than his old one.
Use a superlative form:
She is (intelligent) person in the office.
She is ___ person in the office.
Use a superlative form:
This is (delicious) meal I've ever tasted.
This is ___ meal I've ever tasted.
Use a comparative form:
She is (polite) than her colleague.
She is ___ than her colleague.
Use a superlative form:
That was (ugly) sweater at the party.
That was ___ sweater at the party.
Use a comparative form:
This laptop is (expensive) than the one I had before.
This laptop is ___ than the one I had before.
Use a superlative form:
He is (strong) person in the competition.
He is ___ person in the competition.
Use a comparative form:
The weather today is (cold) than it was yesterday.
The weather today is ___ than it was yesterday.
Use a superlative form:
That was (long) speech I've ever heard.
That was ___ speech I've ever heard.
Use a comparative form:
He is (careful) driver than I am.
He is ___ driver than I am.
Use a comparative form:
The river is (long) than the canal.
The river is ___ than the canal.
Use a superlative form:
This is (good) cake I've ever eaten.
This is ___ cake I've ever eaten.
Use a comparative form:
This book is (boring) than the one I read last week.
This book is ___ than the one I read last week.
Use a superlative form:
She is (generous) person I've ever met.
She is ___ person I've ever met.
Use a comparative form:
This car is (powerful) than the old one.
This car is ___ than the old one.
Use a superlative form:
That was (difficult) question on the exam.
That was ___ question on the exam.
Use a comparative form:
The movie was (long) than I expected.
The movie was ___ than I expected.
Use a superlative form:
He is (famous) actor in the world.
He is ___ actor in the world.